Music dualism: Political intolerance in Kenya and the Gen-Z movement

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to explore the dualistic nature of music as a cultural artefact and a political instrument in promoting socio-political change in Kenya, with a particular focus on the 2024 Generation Z (Gen Z) led protest in Kenya. Anchored on Cultural Resistance Theory (CRT), the study thematically analysed data from 31 participants obtained through online interviews. The findings revealed how music—especially protest songs—has evolved into a tool for promoting systemic political change, building unity, and increasing awareness. It emphasised the importance of music in social movements, demonstrating its ability to shape national identity and political discourse while also articulating resistance. The study demonstrates how cultural resistance through music can inspire future generations to struggle for justice and equality, underlining music's long-standing role in political reform. Despite severe official repression, including police violence and wrongful detentions, the movement has won important gains, including the repeal of a contentious financial bill and the pledge to reduce unnecessary government spending. This study emphasises the importance of music in social movements, demonstrating its ability to shape national identity and political discourse while also articulating resistance. Further to this, music has developed into a potent instrument for opposing hegemonic systems, elevating dissident voices, and promoting international solidarity when paired with social media. The study recommends further research on whether the commercialisation of protest music has led to losing its intended role as a tool for fighting social inequality.