Social Media Addiction, Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Self-Perception among Undergraduate Students at the University of Nairobi, Kenya

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between social media addiction and psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and dissatisfaction among students at the University of Nairobi. A descriptive research design with a mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The study targeted 13,869 students from the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, with a sample of 136 selected via simple random sampling using Cochran's formula. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and two focus group discussions. Quantitative data were examined through the use of descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation analysis, while qualitative data were thematically analysed. Validity was ensured through member checking and expert reviews, and reliability was established using internal consistency and test-retest methods. Findings indicate that high social media usage correlates with increased stress and anxiety, driven by exposure to curated online personas, fear of missing out (FOMO), and pressure to maintain an idealised self-image. Depression and low self-esteem were prevalent among students who compared themselves unfavorably to peers, leading to dissatisfaction. Despite recognising these effects, students struggled to reduce usage due to addiction. The study recommends targeted interventions like mental health awareness programs, counselling, and digital literacy initiatives. These results highlight the significance of policies within institutions to promote responsible social media use, fostering balanced digital engagement to enhance student well-being.