Review article: Anatomical and physiological development of reproductive system in female Murine

Abstract

The aim of this article is to address the challenges associated with the accurate and consistent staging of the estrous cycle in female laboratory animals, which is critical for reproductive research and preclinical safety evaluations of drugs and chemicals. Laboratory animals, particularly female murine models, are widely used in research as models for mammalian health and disease. However, many substances tested during preclinical investigations interfere with reproductive function, causing morphological changes in the reproductive tract or disruptions in the phases of the estrous cycle. Recognising these alterations requires a thorough understanding of the histological changes in the reproductive tract throughout the cycle. Existing literature, while comprehensive, often lacks precise criteria for defining the transitions between stages of the cycle, creating inconsistencies in staging. This review adopts a pragmatic and practical approach, synthesising personal experience and a century of literature to present a detailed examination of the anatomical and physiological development of the female murine reproductive system. The review emphasises the histological characteristics of the reproductive tract during different estrous phases, providing a framework for consistent and accurate staging. The findings highlight the reproductive traits that make female murine models ideal for reproductive research, including their well-documented physiology and reliable cycle patterns. This article serves as a valuable resource for toxicological pathologists and researchers, offering clarity on staging methods and reaffirming the relevance of murine models in reproductive studies.