The Dual Impact of Social Media on Mental Health and Self-Esteem: Evidence from 2020–2026

Abstract

This review examines the impact of social media use on mental health and self-esteem from 2020 to 2026. Drawing on empirical studies, surveys, and meta-analyses published during this period, the article synthesises evidence on both the positive and negative psychological outcomes associated with social media engagement. Findings highlight that while platforms can foster social connection, identity expression, and peer support, excessive or maladaptive use is linked to heightened anxiety, depression, cyberbullying exposure, and diminished self-worth. The review also considers demographic differences, bearing in mind that adolescents and young adults are particularly vulnerable to negative effects, whereas moderated use among older populations often enhances social inclusion. Emerging trends such as algorithm-driven content, influencer culture, and digital well-being initiatives are examined for their role in shaping user experiences. The article concludes by emphasising the need for balanced usage, digital literacy, and policy interventions to curb risks while maximising the benefits of social media for mental health and self-esteem.