Effective Communication Framework for Stakeholder Engagement for Nairobi River Resource Conservation and Restoration in Kenya

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to develop an effective communication framework to enhance stakeholder engagement for the conservation and restoration of the Nairobi River, a once-vital freshwater resource now severely polluted, threatening public health, undermining environmental sustainability, and hindering economic growth in Nairobi City. Employing a systematic review design with a mixed-methods approach, the study analysed 25 policy documents, strategic plans, and media reports (1999–2022) selected via the PRISMA framework. Quantitative content analysis identified trends and frequencies of themes related to water resource management, while qualitative thematic analysis provided deeper insights into stakeholder behaviours, policy implications, and challenges in Nairobi River restoration. Findings reveal that uncoordinated communication approaches have hindered effective stakeholder collaboration. A participatory communication framework, integrating government agencies, NGOs, and community organisations, was found to foster multi-stakeholder engagement, raise public awareness, and support sustainable policies for river conservation. The study recommends strategic communication practices to unify stakeholders and promote actionable solutions for the restoration of the Nairobi River.