Enhancing Cultural Diplomacy for Sustainable Peace in the Kenya–Ethiopia Border Region

Abstract

This research study investigates the critical role of cultural diplomacy in fostering sustainable peaceful relations within the complex and often volatile Kenya-Ethiopia border region, an area historically characterised by resource competition, ethnic tensions, and cross-border insecurity. Despite strong cultural, linguistic, and familial ties among cross-border communities, the region continues to experience recurring conflicts driven by resource competition, political misunderstandings, and inadequate institutional coordination. Drawing on the theoretical insights of Joseph Nye’s Soft Power Theory and perspectives from liberalism in international relations, the study explores how cultural exchange, shared heritage, and community-based diplomacy can strengthen cross-border cooperation and reduce tensions. A phenomenological research design was employed to capture the lived experiences of 130 participants, including local leaders, community members, government officials, and representatives of non-governmental organisations engaged in peacebuilding initiatives. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, and focus group discussions and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal that effective cultural diplomacy in the border region requires three key strategies: leveraging digital platforms and youth engagement to counter misinformation and promote shared narratives, integrating formal government structures with traditional leadership systems to enhance legitimacy and participation, and linking cultural initiatives with sustainable economic development through heritage-based tourism and cross-border trade. The study concludes that institutionalising culturally grounded diplomacy and strengthening community participation can transform shared cultural identity into a strategic tool for long-term peace and cooperation between Kenya and Ethiopia.