kipsang, samwel, Pauline Ndoro, and Florence Mwithi. 2026. “Political Persuasion through Multimodal Message Frames: A Study of Raila Odinga and William Ruto’s 2022 Presidential Campaign Speeches”. Journal of Media and Communication (JMC) 5 (1): 163-77. https://doi.org/10.51317/76c2qq19.