kipsang, samwel, Ndoro, P., & Mwithi, F. (2026). Political Persuasion through Multimodal Message Frames: A study of Raila Odinga and William Ruto’s 2022 Presidential Campaign Speeches. Journal of Media and Communication (JMC), 5(1), 163-177. https://doi.org/10.51317/76c2qq19